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Nitrogen from urea can begin volatilising within 24–48 hours after dissolving, especially under warm, windy conditions and on wet soils that are drying.

Organic matter can release around 39 kg/ha of nitrogen per year under typical conditions, with availability depending on temperature, moisture, and microbial activity.

Green manure vetch crops can contribute around 154 kg/ha of nitrogen to the soil, with fixation strongly linked to biomass production and rainfall.

After mechanical soil amelioration, fertiliser needs may rise due to higher yield potential and nutrient redistribution, so updated soil testing is essential to guide nitrogen,

Use yield maps to calculate phosphorus removal and set replacement rates or create variable rate maps, but always consider soil tests and PBI to fine-tune

A bumper grain harvest removes significant nutrients from the soil – e.g. wheat removes ~20 kg N/t and canola ~40 kg N/t – so adjusting

Yes, Mallee seeps can be fully rehabilitated for cropping, but success and timeframes – typically 3-5 years – depend on salinity levels, seep severity, and

No, you don’t have to plant trees to treat Mallee seeps—lucerne is often effective for low to moderately saline seeps, while trees are better suited

No, punching through the clay beneath a seep isn’t practical or permitted, and managing seeps with above-ground solutions is safer and more effective.

You can spot a developing Mallee seep early by looking for persistent green growth, waterlogging, and ryegrass invasion, then confirming with NDVI imagery and digging