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Nitrogen from urea can begin volatilising within 24–48 hours after dissolving, especially under warm, windy conditions and on wet soils that are drying.

Organic matter can release around 39 kg/ha of nitrogen per year under typical conditions, with availability depending on temperature, moisture, and microbial activity.

Green manure vetch crops can contribute around 154 kg/ha of nitrogen to the soil, with fixation strongly linked to biomass production and rainfall.

After mechanical soil amelioration, fertiliser needs may rise due to higher yield potential and nutrient redistribution, so updated soil testing is essential to guide nitrogen,

Use yield maps to calculate phosphorus removal and set replacement rates or create variable rate maps, but always consider soil tests and PBI to fine-tune

A bumper grain harvest removes significant nutrients from the soil – e.g. wheat removes ~20 kg N/t and canola ~40 kg N/t – so adjusting

Yes, biochar is more stable than carbon from roots and microbes, but both play important roles – biochar improves long-term soil properties, while soil life

Yes, improving soil organic matter does enhance water holding capacity, but gains are small and slow to build—though the broader benefits to soil health and

The amount of carbon you can realistically add depends on your soil type and rainfall—lighter soils and low rainfall zones have lower carbon storage potential,

To build soil carbon, focus on boosting root growth, limiting erosion, retaining stubble, using pastures and cover crops, managing soil constraints, and minimising disturbance.